1 English grammar 1

2 The simple sentence 6

3 Statements, questions, imperatives and exclamations 15

4 Questions and answers 25

5 Leaving out and replacing words 42

6 Information and emphasis 52

7 Spoken English and written English 64

Verb forms

8 The verb phrase 75

9 Verb tenses and aspects 82

10 The future 95

11 Be, have and do 104

12 Modal verbs 113

13 The passive 130

Infinitive, gerund and participles

14 The infinitive 144

15 The gerund 159

16 Participles 167

The noun phrase

17 Nouns and noun phrases 175

18 Agreement 191

19 The articles: a/an and the 198

20 Possessives and demonstratives 213

21 Quantifiers 219

22 Pronouns 233

23 Numbers and measurements 245

Adjectives, adverbs and prepositions

24 Adjectives 251

25 Adverbials 260

26 Comparison 278

27 Prepositions 286

28 Phrasal verbs and patterns with prepositions 302

Main clauses and sub clauses

29 Sentences with more than one clause 317

30 And, or, but, so etc 323

31 Adverbial clauses 327

32 Conditional clauses 333

33 Noun clauses 341

34 Direct and indirect speech 346

35 Relative clauses 356

Word forms

36 Word-building 367

37 Word endings: pronunciation and spelling 376

38 Irregular noun plurals 380

39 Irregular verb forms 382

Appendix

40 American English 389